{"id":9396,"date":"2020-06-20T19:22:26","date_gmt":"2020-06-21T00:22:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/?p=9396"},"modified":"2022-11-11T07:45:45","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11T13:45:45","slug":"insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/blog\/2020\/06\/20\/insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior\/","title":{"rendered":"Insights: Psychometric Analysis of Forensic Examiner Behavior"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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INSIGHT<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Psychometric Analysis of\nForensic Examiner Behavior<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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OVERVIEW<\/h2>

Understanding how fingerprint examiners\u2019 proficiency and behavior influence their decisions when interpreting evidence requires the use of many analytical models. Researchers sought to better identify and study uncertainty in examiners\u2019 decision making. This is because final source identifications still rely on complex and subjective interpretation of the evidence by examiners. By applying novel methods like Item Response Theory (IRT) to existing tools like error rate studies, the team proposes a new approach to account for differences among examiners and in task difficulty levels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Lead Researchers<\/h6>

Amanda Luby
Anjali Mazumder
Brian Junker<\/p>

Publication Date<\/h6>

June 13, 2020<\/p>

Journal<\/h6>

Behaviormetrika<\/span><\/p>

Publication Number<\/h6>

IN 107 LP<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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THE GOALS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Survey recent advances in psychometric analysis of forensic decision-making.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Use behavioral models from the field of Item Response Theory to better understand the operating characteristics of the identification tasks that examiners perform.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Data<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A 2011 FBI Black Box study assigned 169 fingerprint examiners a selection of items to analyze, which included a latent print evaluation, a source destination, a reason and a rating of the difficulty of the task for each pair of prints.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Key Definitions<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Psychometrics<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Using factors such as aptitudes and personality traits to study the difference between individuals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Item Response Trees (IRTrees)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Visual representation of each decision an examiner makes in the process of performing an identification task. Based on IRT, which attempts to explain the connections between the properties of a test item \u2013\u2013 a piece of fingerprint evidence \u2013\u2013 and an individual\u2019s \u2013\u2013 a fingerprint examiner\u2019s \u2013\u2013 performance in response to that item.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cultural Consensus Theory (CCT)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A method that facilitates the discovery and description of consensus among a group of people with shared beliefs. For this study, CCT helps identify the common knowledge and beliefs among fingerprint examiners \u2013\u2013 things that examiners may take for granted but that laypeople would not necessarily know.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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APPLYING IRTREES AND CCT TO FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Researchers segmented the data with the Rasch Model to separate a latent print\u2019s difficulty level from an examiners\u2019 proficiency. This allowed comparison to the existing method of studying error rates.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Then they constructed IRTrees to model a fingerprint examiner\u2019s decision-making process when deciding whether a print is a positive match, negative match, inconclusive, or has no latent value. (See Figure 1)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Finally, the team used IRTrees and Cultural Consensus Theory to create \u201canswer keys\u201d \u2013\u2013 a set of reasons and shared knowledge \u2013\u2013 that provide insight into how a fingerprint examiner arrives at an \u201cinconclusive\u201d or \u201cno value\u201d decision. (See Figure 2)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Figure 1<\/h4>

Visual representation of latent print analysis<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Figure 2<\/h4>

How examiners arrive at \u201cinconclusive\u201d or \u201cno value\u201d decisions<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR PRACTITIONERS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Using IRT models provides substantial improvement over current examiner error rate studies. These include the ability to justifiably compare examiner proficiencies
even if they did not do the same identification tasks and that the influence of task difficulty can be seen in examiner proficiency estimates.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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IRTrees give researchers the ability to accurately model the complex decision-making in fingerprint identification tasks \u2013\u2013 it is much more than simply stating a print is a \u201cmatch\u201d or a \u201cnon-match.\u201d This reveals the skill involved in fingerprint examination work.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Examiners tend to overrate the difficulty of middling-difficulty tasks, while underrating the difficulty of extremely easy or extremely difficult tasks.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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FOCUS ON THE FUTURE<\/h2>

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This analysis was somewhat limited by available data; for confidentiality and privacy considerations, the FBI Black Box Study does not provide the reference prints used nor the personal details of the examiners themselves. Future collaboration with experts, both in fingerprint analysis and human decision making, can provide more detailed data and thus improve the models.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Download<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t
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FULL Study<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t
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Access the Full Research Study<\/span><\/a>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t
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More Insights<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Insights: Surveying Practicing Firearms Examiners<\/a><\/h4>
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Insights: The Effect of Image Descriptors on the Performance of Classifiers of Footwear Outsole Image Pairs<\/a><\/h4>
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Insights: Score-Based Likelihood Ratios for Camera Device Identification<\/a><\/h4>
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Insights: A Practical Tool for Information Management in Forensic Decisions<\/a><\/h4>
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Insights: Handwriting Identification Using Random Forests and Score-Based Likelihood Ratios<\/a><\/h4>
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Insights: Using the Likelihood Ratio in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis<\/a><\/h4>
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Insights: Latent Print Quality in Blind Proficiency Testing<\/a><\/h4>
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Insights: Recognition of Overlapping Elliptical Objects in a Binary Image<\/a><\/h4>
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\"Insights:<\/a><\/div>

Insights: Mt. Everest\u2014 We Are Going to Lose Many<\/a><\/h4>
View Insight<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Insights: Judges and Forensic Science Education: A national survey<\/a><\/h4>
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\"Insights:<\/a><\/div>

Insights: Battling to a Draw<\/a><\/h4>
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\"Insights:<\/a><\/div>

Insights: Forensic Science in Legal Education<\/a><\/h4>
View Insight<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tView All Insights<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

INSIGHT Psychometric Analysis of Forensic Examiner Behavior OVERVIEW Understanding how fingerprint examiners\u2019 proficiency and behavior influence their decisions when interpreting evidence requires the use of many analytical models. Researchers sought […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9409,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[82],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nInsights: Psychometric Analysis of Forensic Examiner Behavior - Center for Statistics and Applications in Forensic Evidence<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/blog\/2020\/06\/20\/insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Molly Doolittle\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/blog\/2020\/06\/20\/insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/blog\/2020\/06\/20\/insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Molly Doolittle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/#\/schema\/person\/c7a62ca7f68149d03a4f90db19bd8f9f\"},\"headline\":\"Insights: Psychometric Analysis of Forensic Examiner Behavior\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-06-21T00:22:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-11T13:45:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/blog\/2020\/06\/20\/insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior\/\"},\"wordCount\":742,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/blog\/2020\/06\/20\/insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/featuredimage_latentprint-01.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Latent Print Analysis\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Insights\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/blog\/2020\/06\/20\/insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/blog\/2020\/06\/20\/insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/forensicstats.org\/blog\/2020\/06\/20\/insights-psychometric-analysis-of-forensic-examiner-behavior\/\",\"name\":\"Insights: Psychometric Analysis of Forensic Examiner Behavior - 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